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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes
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10 Chronic Diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction
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Listed below are current articles and published clinical studies documenting the
strong link between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Diabetes.
 
 
Curr Pharm Des. 2013 Feb 20
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in insulin resistance.
 
Abstract
Evidence is mounting of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance, diabetes and associated complications. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of insulin resistance on mitochondrial function in several tissues. We consider the pathogenesis of insulin resistance from a mitochondrial perspective and contemplate potential beneficial effects of strategies aimed at modulating mitochondrial function in insulin resistance, including insulin and insulin-sensitizing drugs, antioxidants, and selectively targeting antioxidants to mitochondria.
 
 
 
Antioxid Redox Signal
2013 Feb 24

Mitochondria and Metabolic Homeostasis.
 
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is fundamental to metabolic homeostasis. In addition to converting nutrient flux into energy molecule ATP, the mitochondria generate intermediates for biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that serves as a secondary messenger to mediate signaling transduction and metabolism. Alterations of mitochondrial function, dynamics and biogenesis have been observed in various metabolic disorders including aging, cancer, diabetes and obesity.

However, the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial changes and the pathways leading to metabolic disorders remain to be defined. In the last few years, tremendous efforts have been devoted to addressing these complex questions and led to significant progress. In a timely manner, the Forum on Mitochondria and Metabolic Homeostasis intends to document the latest findings in both original research article and review articles, with the focus on addressing three major complex issues:

(1) mitochondria and mitochondrial oxidants in aging - the oxidant theory (including mitochondrial ROS) being revisited by a hyperfunction hypothesis and a novel role of SMRT in mitochondria-mediated aging process being discussed;
(2) impaired mitochondrial capacity (e.g., fatty acid oxidation, OXPHOS for ATP synthesis) and plasticity (e.g., the response to endocrine and metabolic challenges, and to calorie restriction) in diabetes and obesity;
(3) mitochondrial energy adaption in cancer progression - a new view being provided for H+-ATP synthase in regulating cell cycle and proliferation by mediating mitochondrial OXPHOS, oxidant production, and cell death signaling. It is anticipated that this timely Forum will advance our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic disorders.
 
 
 
 
Front Med. 2013 Mar

Mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity.
 
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes through induction of insulin resistance. Treatment of type 2 diabetes has been limited by little translational knowledge of insulin resistance although there have been several well-documented hypotheses for insulin resistance. In those hypotheses, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia and lipotoxicity have been the major concepts and have received a lot of attention. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, genetic background, aging, fatty liver, hypoxia and lipodystrophy are active subjects in the study of these concepts.

However, none of those concepts or views has led to an effective therapy for type 2 diabetes. The reason is that there has been no consensus for a unifying mechanism of insulin resistance. In this review article, literature is critically analyzed and reinterpreted for a new energy-based concept of insulin resistance, in which insulin resistance is a result of energy surplus in cells. The energy surplus signal is mediated by ATP and sensed by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Decreasing ATP level by suppression of production or stimulation of utilization is a promising approach in the treatment of insulin resistance. In support, many of existing insulin sensitizing medicines inhibit ATP production in mitochondria.

The effective therapies such as weight loss, exercise, and caloric restriction all reduce ATP in insulin sensitive cells. This new concept provides a unifying cellular and molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity, which may apply to insulin resistance in aging and lipodystrophy.
 
 
 
 
PLoS One. 2013
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Relationships between Mitochondrial Function and
Metabolic Flexibility in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
 
Abstract
 
INTRODUCTION: Mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility have been implicated in the etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet their interrelationship remains speculative. We investigated these interrelationships in a group of T2D and obese normoglycemic control subjects.
 
METHODS: 49 non-insulin dependent male T2D patients and 54 male control subjects were enrolled, and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. A muscle biopsy was taken and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) was measured. In vivo mitochondrial function was measured by PCr recovery in 30 T2D patients and 31 control subjects.
 
RESULTS: Fasting NEFA levels were significantly elevated in T2D patients compared with controls, but IMCL was not different. Mitochondrial function in T2D patients was compromised by 12.5% (p<0.01). Whole body glucose disposal (WGD) was higher at baseline and lower after insulin stimulation. Metabolic flexibility (ΔRER) was lower in the type 2 diabetic patients (0.050±0.033 vs. 0.093±0.050, p<0.01). Mitochondrial function was the sole predictor of basal respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (R(2) = 0.18, p<0.05); whereas WGD predicted both insulin-stimulated RER (R(2) = 0.29, p<0.001) and metabolic flexibility (R(2) = 0.40, p<0.001).
 
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that defects in skeletal muscle in vivo mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetic patients are only reflected in basal substrate oxidation and highlight the importance of glucose disposal rate as a determinant of substrate utilization in response to insulin.
 
 
 
 
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism,
05 July 2012

Mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β cells
 
Summary
In pancreatic β cells, mitochondria play a central role in coupling glucose metabolism to insulin exocytosis, thereby ensuring strict control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Defects in mitochondrial function impair this metabolic coupling, and ultimately promote apoptosis and β cell death. Various factors have been identified that may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction.

In this review we address the emerging concept of complex links between these factors. We also discuss the role of the mitochondrial genome and mutations associated with diabetes, the effect of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, the sensitivity of mitochondria to lipotoxicity, and the adaptive dynamics of mitochondrial morphology.

Better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction will help drive the development of effective therapeutic approaches.
 
 
 
 
Antioxid Redox Signal 2010 Apr

Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes: from molecular mechanisms
to functional significance and therapeutic opportunities.
 
Abstract
Given their essential function in aerobic metabolism, mitochondria are intuitively of interest in regard to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Qualitative, quantitative, and functional perturbations in mitochondria have been identified and affect the cause and complications of diabetes.

Moreover, as a consequence of fuel oxidation, mitochondria generate considerable reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence is accumulating that these radicals per se are important in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications. In this review, we first present basic concepts underlying mitochondrial physiology. We then address mitochondrial function and ROS as related to diabetes. We consider different forms of diabetes and address both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We also address the role of mitochondrial uncoupling and coenzyme Q.

Finally, we address the potential for targeting mitochondria in the therapy of diabetes.
 
 
 
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Sep
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
 
Abstract
Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity that is characterized by impaired insulin-mediated glucose transport and glycogen synthesis and by increased intramyocellular content of lipid metabolites.

Several studies have provided evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic and prediabetic subjects, primarily due to a lower content of mitochondria (mitochondrial biogenesis) and possibly to a reduced functional capacity per mitochondrion.

This article discusses the latest advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle in T2D and obesity, with a focus on possible links between insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction.
 
 

 
 

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